Tools of Research - 1778 Words

TOOLS OF RESEARCH * Research Tool – is a specific mechanism or strategy the researcher uses to collect, manipulate, or interpret data. * Research Methodology – is the general approach the researcher takes in carrying out the research project, to some extent, this approach dictates the particular tools that the researcher selects. THE SIX GENERAL TOOLS OF RESEARCH 1. The library and its resources For thousands of years, the library served primarily as a repository of books and manuscripts. It was, for the most part, only a slowly expanding universe of knowledge, one that could be comfortably contained within masonry walls. In the 20th century, the role of the library changed. An explosion of information occurred. Research†¦show more content†¦An FTP client program initiates a connection to a remote computer running FTP server software. After the connection is established, the client can choose to send and/or receive copies of files, singly or in groups. To connect to an FTP server, a client requires a username and password as set by the administrator of the server. D. Electronic Mail Electronic mail service, more commonly known as e-mail, allows people to communicate quickly with one another. A single message can be sent directly to one or many individuals at a single time. Unlike mail delivered by the postal service, a message sent correctly through e-mail is generally delivered in a matter of seconds, no matter where in the world the receiver is. E. News The news feature of the Internet is like a huge bulletin board on which people post messages and comments for others to react and add to. 3. Techniques of measurement Measurement is limiting the data of any phenomenon- substantial or insubstantial- so that those data may be interpreted and, ultimately, compared to an acceptable qualitative or quantitative standard. * Substantial Measurement is measurement of observable objects or variables and has an obvious basis in the real world. e.g. area, height. * Insubstantial measurement exists only as concepts (opinions, ideas, feelings and other intangible entities) * FOUR SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS A. Nominal Scale ofShow MoreRelatedTools of Research1785 Words   |  8 PagesTOOLS OF RESEARCH * Research Tool – is a specific mechanism or strategy the researcher uses to collect, manipulate, or interpret data. * Research Methodology – is the general approach the researcher takes in carrying out the research project, to some extent, this approach dictates the particular tools that the researcher selects. THE SIX GENERAL TOOLS OF RESEARCH 1. The library and its resources For thousands of years, the library served primarily as a repository of books and manuscriptsRead MoreA Research Study On Tools1342 Words   |  6 PagesB3c. Tools Each researchers study was either quantitative, qualitative or both also if there are a subtype being used such as descriptive. Therefore, depending on the method used the researchers may have used the same or different tools. The tools utilized by a researcher for the aforementioned methods may include but are not limited to the following: in-depth interviews, dairies, rating scales, questionnaires, audio equipment, physiological measurements, observation scoring, and software toRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research Tool Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesedu/sommerb/sommerdemo/intro/validity.htm b. Data shows validity when the test or tool used to obtain the data is believable. Two different ways of determining validity is internal and external. Internal research will show whether the research tool used has measured what the research determined from the beginning it would measure. External research can be used to generalize what the research found into other areas that are similar to the research. A researcher can use three methods to find the validity of a testRead MoreTools Of Research And Reflection1815 Words   |  8 Pages1500 Word Assignment Tools of Research Reflection – Listening To Needs Of Poverty Fall 2014 By: Charmaine Warford The tools of research and reflection available to the church to ensure it is listening deeply to the needs of the poor, prisoners, the blind and the oppressed are many and varied. There are both quantitative and qualitative means of research that can be used for reflection by the church to assess the needs of the people. Issues such as poverty are being dealt with by the churchRead MoreMarketing Research Tools Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Research Tools Strategic and tactical decisions need to be made when an organization needs to achieve the objectives of the research. Market research is a strategic step in determining the best solution for discovering opportunities and acquiring clients. This is the first critical step in the marketing department that creates a foundation for what a company needs to research to identify what opportunities are given and what steps need to be taken to achieve the goals. The process providesRead MoreMarketing Research Tools Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Research Tools Once a decision is made to use marketing research, management goals and objectives determine the type of selection methods used. There are a wide range of market research tools and methods available to decision makers. Depending on the goals and objectives of the company, researchers have many options. Some of the research tools include mail and web surveys, personal interviews, and focus groups. This paper will discuss and differentiate among the various tools used in primaryRead MoreMarketing Research Tools Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Research Tools Marketing research is primarily focused on two categories of research: primary and secondary. These two forms of research provide insight into the driving source of the business, consumer behavior and attitudes, and possible pitfalls to the business. Secondary research provides knowledge gathered from within the business or already published information from outside of the business. Primary data is collected with specific purpose of creating a marketing strategy for the businessRead MoreKellogg Company Research Tools1139 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPANY RESEARCH TOOLS Kellogg Company Research Tools Beth Darago, Carole Firth, Chandra Pinkney University of Phoenix Marketing Research – MKT441 August 17, 2009 Kellogg Company Research Tools Introducing a new product into the market can be a very challenging process for organizations with competing businesses of the same target market. In order to understand consumer needs, purchasing behavior, and market niche, product and consumer analysis is studied in many forms of research. IntroducingRead MoreMarketing Research Tools Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Research Tools As a team of six investigating how to overcome the four different research tools, many ideas will flow through to allow the reader to get the most out of what is being taught. The team wants for the reader to indulge themselves in a company who will compare and contrast the selected tools available. Team C will choose to show the reader that tool is the most applicable and which tool is the least applicable. With this to be read and evaluated the team asks the readerRead MoreMarketing Research Tools Paper1080 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Methodologies Many companies use different research tools when conducting primary and secondary research. This paper will discuss the several research tools used and discuss the differences in primary and secondary research when using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Once that has been established, there will be discussion as to which tools are used for each approach and why. Primary Research Primary research also called field research is the most common approach. Primary research

Head Start - 1545 Words

For this assignment, I conducted much research on the Head Start Program. Head Start is a child development program, which provides aid and assistance to financially less fortunate families. It serves children from birth to age 5, pregnant women, and their families. Head Start is child centered and focuses much attention on preparing young children from low-income families for school. Head Start helps parents improve their basic literacy, numeric skills and employability skills. It promotes childrens developmental growth through early childhood education. The Head Start program holds classes, which instruct parents on how to promote their childs cognitive, social, language, and physical development. This program is of great importance,†¦show more content†¦This program seems to dedicate their time and energy as best they can to the children. The teachers want to see their students prosper on to well educated individuals. Even though their parents may be low in the currency a spect yet the teachers seem to not care about the money income of themselves, but in seeing the student be educated and get every opportunity they deserve. Through collaborative partnerships, Head Start fosters childrens development for life-long learning and empowers families to achieve self-sufficiency. Head Start believes that children, families and staff can benefit most from a comprehensive interdisciplinary high quality program that empowers them to reach their greatest potential. The Head Start Programs vision is to set the standard of excellence in leadership and service necessary to conquer the changes and challenges of a 21st Century generation. Through leadership, advocacy and collaborative partnerships the Head Start Program provides high quality, comprehensive services for children and families to achieve self-sufficiency. It seems they recognize and value high quality and excellence, personal and professional development, parent participation and shared governance, individual and collective achievement, the well being of their employees, mutual partnerships, and most importantly team work for the children, families, staff and community. Head Start is an evolving concept.Show MoreRelated Head Start Essay example1667 Words   |  7 PagesHead Start Head Start and Early Head Start are comprehensive child development programs which serve children from birth to age five, pregnant woman and their extended families. They are child-focused programs that have the overall goal of increasing the school readiness of young children in low-income families. . These programs try to prepare young children intellectually, socially, emotionally and physically for their future educational and social endeavors. ( U.S. Department of Health and HumanRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Head Start2106 Words   |  9 PagesHead Start is a federally funded government agency, that provides low income youth with pre-school and health services (Barnett, 2007). However, the long term effects of Head Start are extremely difficult to measure (Lee, Zhai, Brooks-Gunn, Han, Waldfogel, 2013). Subsequently, Head Start has become one of the most controversial government agencies (Nathan, 2007). Head Start was created in 1965, during Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidential administration, as part of the Great Society plan and the WarRead MoreThe Past, Present And Future Of Head Start2217 Words   |  9 PagesThe Past, Present and Future of Head Start Past Head Start is one of the many programs started by President Lyndon B. Johnson to fight the war on poverty in which he signed the economic opportunity act of 1964 that opened the nation to Head Start and other programs that helped low income neighborhoods, According to President Johnson â€Å"We must open the doors of opportunity. But we must also equip our people to walk through those doors (Kelly, 2016). The head Start program started out as a summer programRead More The Beneficial Head Start Program Essay2363 Words   |  10 PagesThe Head Start program is a beneficial one that helps youth overcome educational setbacks. In order for one to understand the benefits of the program one must know what its goals are, how its goals continue to be accomplished, what specific setbacks are remedied from it and how others feel about it. Head Start is a comprehensive child development program that has an overall goal to prepare children from low-income families for school (The Administration For Children And Families, 2002).Read MoreEssay about Analysis of the Head Start Program2701 Words   |  11 Pagesof the Head Start program, discuss the historical background of the policy, and analyze the economic and political forces that have influenced the development of the program. The essay also seeks to evaluate both the manifest and latent functions of the policy, consider the current debate around Head Start, describe the ideologies and values that have framed the debate around Head Start, and offer recommendations regarding the program. Head Start Program Overview of the Policy The Head StartRead MoreChild Development Is The Heart Of The Head Start Program2025 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to the article from Head Start â€Å"About Us† the Head Start program began in the summer of 1965 as part of President Lyndon Johnson s War on Poverty. Early Head Start was added in 1994. Head Start has served more than 30 million children since 1965, growing from an eight-week demonstration project to include full-day/full-year services and many program options. Head Start and Early Head Start programs support the mental, social, and emotional development of children from birth to age 5. InRead More Early Learning: How Do Head Start Programs Contribute to Success608 Words   |  3 PagesThe Head Start Program contributes to the successful learning of children in a major way. Head Start promotes healthy prenatal out comes, enhances the development of infants and toddlers, and promotes healthy family functioning. The children are giving a better chance to succee d in school and life. Therefore, the rate of human learning and development is in the early years. Head Start is a Federal funded, comprehensive child development program that has an overall goal to prepare children fromRead MoreClinical Rotation At Head Start Program Is Administered By Piedmont Community Actions, Inc.1097 Words   |  5 Pages 2016 Students started clinical rotation at Head Start in Gaffney South Carolina, Located at 501 W. Rutledge Ave. Gaffneys Head Start program is administered by Piedmont Community Actions, Inc. (4) According to the Administration For Children and Families, The Economic Opportunity Act was passed   in August, 1964   which created various programs.   In 1964   President Lyndon Baines Johnson signed the first Head Start Act into legislation. (4)   Ã¢â‚¬Å" Head Start was designed to help break the cycle of povertyRead MoreHead Start1689 Words   |  7 PagesFacility Description For this assignment, I conducted much research on the Head Start Program. I visited the West End Gardens Head Start facility. There, I conducted an interview of three employees, where I sought to gain a better understanding of the overall nature of the Head Start program. This Head Start facility is located at 534 West 4th street in Plainfield, New Jersey. The neighborhood is very urban, where as, there were many people out and about walking on the streets. Its atmosphere isRead MoreThe Social Policy Of Head Start Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment sponsored programs like Obama Care and Head Start are social policies enacted to better the living conditions of American citizens. Though social policies are essential and beneficial to the wellbeing of people’s natural laws—moral, ethical, and legal norms by which human conduct is governed in American society—sometimes these policies unknowingly encompass stereotypes and generalities. Specifically speaking, th e social policy of Head Start, which aims to promote school readiness in low-income

Economic Impacts of Business Events

Question: Write a Report on Economic Impacts of Business Events. Answer: Introduction This study deals with introducing business events in Australian Economy and presented in reflective style of writing. Reflective style will help in understanding the knowledge gained by students at the time of attending the class session. Events refer as our lives as well as community and our culture. This takes into consideration private or family events like birthdays and weddings. This also includes religious events like christenings (Stokes, 2015). Business Events Value Pyramid Business Events Value Pyramid consists of four parts. The first part is Visitor economy impacts that measures the economic contribution of international visitors as well as domestic overnight travelers and day trippers travelling beyond 50 Km (Mules Faulkner, 2016). The next part is Total economic impacts that measures the broader economic contribution of local events attendees travelling within 50km as well as event organizers and suppliers. The third part signifies indirect impacts that involve intangible benefits that are generated by business events that are reviewed from the available research insights and needs of the sector. Business Events in Australia The business events in Australia majorly deliver significant economic benefit to Australia (Jago Shaw, 2013). This means business events generates strong visitor yield in a way where there is high daily expenditure of participants. Business events delivers much more than the tourism spend. It depends upon the tourism benefits whereby business events has wide as well as enduring benefits in association with managing business relationships, knowledge as well as transfer and employment industry development. Cultural Significance of Events Events will have either direct or indirect cultural impact in the Australian economy. Direct cultural impacts involve celebrations of cultural diversity as well as enrichment. On the other hand, indirect cultural impact takes into consideration crossing cultural boundaries ad bringing the generations together (Jago Shaw, 2013). Strategic significance of Events Events can even be utilized by government as well as by private sector for supporting range of strategic initiatives. This involves government strategic initiatives such as community event at a local level (Hiller, 2016). It involves tourism promotion both at state as well as federal level. On the other hand, private sector strategic initiatives involve corporate conferences for developing networks as well as stimulating innovation. I would further like to share the meetings and conventions for sharing state of the art information. Value I believe that Value has number of measures that include business events as the travel industry highest yielding sector at the time of taking into account both in terms of direct as well as indirect contributions. I would like to reveal that business events represent multi-billion industries. I have noticed generating export dollars as well as stimulating trade and business migration. Tourism and Economic Impacts of Events Positive Impacts- This involves the destination promotion or increased tourist visits. This means extended length of stay and higher yield by increasing the tax revenue. It takes into consideration job creation as well as attracting the sponsorship fees and grants (Dwyer et al., 2014). Negative Impacts- This means community resistance to tourism, authenticity loss as well as exploitation and opportunity costs. It further affects reputation loss and inflation prices at the same time (Dwyer et al., 2015). Factors that Influence Economic Benefits I have understood that there are wide variety of factors that influences the economic benefits that involves the market area, spending habits, length of event, attribution problem as well as capital investments and capital operating costs. Key Statistics for Australia for the Period 2015 to 2016 Revenue- $ 10.8 Billion Profit- $ 2.2 Billion Annual Growth- 2.4% Wages- $ 2.3 Billion Annual Growth- 1.3% Business- 2166 Figure: Industry Data (Source: Dwyer, Forsyth Spurr, 2016) Business Events that delivers Economic Affluence for Australia The trade proceedings sector elucidates financial activity that straight measures the metrics by foundation the information formation as well as trade. This includes innovation as well as speculation among other positive impacts (Burgan Mules, 2013). International business events plays major role by building strong as well as productive and diverse in an Australian economy. Across the world, trade events act as a tactical tool for attracting trade, investment as well as global aptitude. Governments invest as well as support business event sector for recognizing the high yield as well as long-standing benefits that is possessed from enlargement in the visitor and other knowledge-based economy. Local, state and national governments are keen in supporting Business Events Australia Convention Bureau recognizes the collective responsibility for promoting Australia as a premier international trade proceedings purpose (Mules Faulkner, 2016). It means achieving in conducting seamless as well as united approach that relies upon partnership with Tourism Australia and industry. It takes into consideration the economic gains in the intercontinental proceedings that are widely diffused that provides direct hold from government as well as justified at local, state and national level. I would like to state the action required that involves encouraging stronger teamwork between Tourism Australia as well as State or Territory or Tourism Organization for promoting regional Australia by inviting international delegates for pre and post touring. Social and Economic Impact of large-Scale Business Events for Individuals and Communities I would state the fact that social impact takes into consideration volunteering legacies as well as interest in sport activities. On the other hand, economic impact reveals increased employment as well as tourism activities. I have seen that measuring the financial, environmental as well as social bottom of an event whereby it reflects upon the public attitude that finances in the given condition. It majorly creates balanced view of performance by taking into consideration the performance indicators such as economic, social and environmental impacts (Mules Faulkner, 2016). Conclusion: At the end of the study, I would like to conclude that International business events plays major role in building stronger as well as productive and diverse culture in the Australian economy. In and across the planet, trade events will be used as planned tools for attracting trade as well as speculation and global talent. Therefore, Governments invest more for supporting the business event sector as it will recognize high-yield and long-standing profit in the most appropriate way. References: Burgan, B., Mules, T. (2013). Reconciling costbenefit and economic impact assessment for event tourism. Tourism Economics, 7(4), 321-330. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R. (2016). Assessing the economic impacts of events: A computable general equilibrium approach. Journal of Travel Research, 45(1), 59-66. Dwyer, L., Mellor, R., Mistilis, N., Mules, T. (2015). A framework for assessing tangible and intangible impacts of events and conventions. Event management, 6(3), 175-189. Dwyer, L., Mellor, R., Mistilis, N., Mules, T. (2014). Forecasting the economic impacts of events and conventions. Event Management, 6(3), 191-204. Hiller, H. H. (2016). Assessing the impact of mega-events: a linkage model. Current issues in tourism, 1(1), 47-57. Jago, L. K., Shaw, R. N. (2013). Special events: A conceptual and definitional framework. Festival management and event tourism, 5(1-1), 21-32. Mules, T., Faulkner, B. (2016). An economic perspective on special events. Tourism economics, 2(2), 107-117. Stokes, R. (2015). Tourism strategy making: Insights to the events tourism domain. Tourism management, 29(2), 252-262.

Roles and Responsibilities of the Marketers-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the sustainable consumption and the roles and responsibilities of the marketers. Answer: Introduction This paper will give emphasis on the sustainable consumption and also on the roles and responsibilities of the marketers. Marketers are considered as an important part of the organization. If proper marketers are not there in the organization, then it can be difficult for the organization to survive in the competitive environment. It is essential for an organization to take into consideration sustainable consumption so that the market share of the company can be increased. Marketers have an essential role to consider the needs and want of the customers. The paper gives emphasis on how marketers are conducting their activities and responsibilities in the recent scenario. Marketers Marketers are one of the essential parts of the organization. The main role is related to enhancement in the operations of the business. The main responsibility of the marketer is to analyze the plans and policies so that proper strategies can be considered for conducting day to day activities of the organization. To increase the goodwill in the international market it is essential to give best towards the activities conducted by the organization. A market survey is also conducted by the organization and proper evaluation is made by taking into consideration the external factors like social, political and social factors. The products and services are also distributed by giving emphasis on the needs and wants of the consumers (Morrison, 2015). Marketers assist the companies to make a proper relationship so that the conflicts do not take place between the customers and the company. It is evaluated that if the organization does not have proper relations with the customers, then it can be difficult to survive in the competitive environment. Marketers consider the return on investment and also analyze the competition level effectively in the market. At the time of promoting the product in the market, it is important to give focus on the wants of the customers. The marketer also gives emphasis to solve the queries and also problems of the customers so that they can purchase products and services with satisfaction. If the problems and queries of the customers are not resolved properly, then it can give negative impact on the image of the company. Proper communication is also important for an organization to operate its activities effectively. If there is no proper communication in the organization then it can lead to conflict and dissatisfaction of the customers. Globalization helps the organization to promote the products and services on the international platform. If the products and services are not promoted effectively on the international level then it can be difficult to operate the functions properly. By analyzing the marketing environment it is essential for the marketer to enhance the promotional tools properly. Marketers also give emphasis on the new products and services that assist the company to increase its sales in the market. Marketer assists to maintain a good image in the market. The promotion of the products and services are done by the marketers only, and then the only company can accomplish its goals and objectives properly (Lemon, 2016). Marketers are not doing enough to direct their target markets towards the sustainable consumption It is important to enhance the quality of life so that the natural resources can be taken into consideration without any wastage. Sustainable consumption is concerned with the utilization of the products and services in such a manner that the basic needs and wants are satisfied in a proper way. It is essential to give focus on the environmental impacts so that the company can easily accomplish its goals and objectives. To increase the activities it is essential to give focus in the sustainable consumption (Malaval and Benaroya, 2013). It is evaluated that the company can easily promote sustainable consumption and it will also help to enhance the share of the market effectively. The culture in the organization is also maintained if proper sustainable development is taken into consideration. If the sustainable consumption is considered then it is evaluated that demand and consumption of the consumers enhance effectively. The sustainable growth and consumption assist to consider proper growth and success of the company (Lu et al., 2014). So it is essential that marketers and companies should focus on expanding it on the international market. Marketer tries to give emphasis on the taste and likings of the consumers so that sustainable consumption can be considered properly. Sustainable consumption can be considered by giving focus on the factors that remain in the market. It is important to maintain proper standards so that the goals and objectives can be accomplished in a proper way. Trust and cooperation are also necessary so that the organization can grab the market share on the international platform. It is also evaluated that mission and vision are also taken into consideration by the marketers (Bart et al., 2014). If marketers are considered then it is analyzed that they are not conducting the activities in directing the target market towards the sustainable consumption. The negative impact is analyzed on the overall performance of the organization. Also, the strategies and policies are not considered by the marketers in the market. If the recent situation of the market is considered then it is analyzed that growth can only be achieved by the company when there are proper strategies considered by the organization (Juster, 2015). When the marketers do not give focus on the requirements of the consumers, then it is evaluated that negative effect is seen on the overall profitability and growth of the company. Goodwill of the company is also affected when in many situations the marketers are not able to attain profits in a proper manner. As it is seen that competition level is increasing day by day, so it is also giving effect to the responsibility of the marketers (Lusch and Vargo, 2014). It is the responsibility of the marketer to analyze that the supply of the products and services in the international market is proper, so that the sales can be increased. Proper communication should also be maintained so that the conflict does not take place in the organization. It is very essential to have proper communication between the company and the consumers so that the products can be supplied in proper manner globally (Klimchuk and Krasovec, 2013). There are various situations in which the consumers are not able to buy the products from the marketers. It is essential for the marketers to contribute towards the sustainable consumption so that the day to day operations can be done properly. The duty of the marketer is to give emphasis on the culture and also to consider the environment. There are many situations in which the marketers are not able to grab the attention of the consumers. But it can give negative impact on the buying pattern and also on the behavior of the consumers towards the products (Barrett and Weinstein, 2015). Buying behavior should also be considered by the consumers, so that the products and services offered to the consumers can be done properly. If profitability is enhanced by the company then it is evaluated that company can work properly to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization. To survive in the competitive environment profits are important for the organization, so that the activities can be conducted effectively (Solomon, 2014). So by analyzing all the information, it is seen that marketers are important for the organization. Without marketers, the company will not be able to complete the activities on time. Marketing strategies should also be considered so that the level of competition or impact of the competition can be minimized. To enhance the goodwill in the market it is important to give emphasis on increasing the satisfaction level of the consumers. The aim of the marketers is to give focus on the overall profitability and also on the goals and objectives of the organization. The marketers should give emphasis on increasing the demand and also the profits of the company so that growth can be attained (Holliman and Rowley, 2014). So, to increase the overall performance and also the profitability the marketers should give focus on enhancing the goodwill in the market. If the goodwill is maintained properly, then the targets can also be attained effectively. It is essential to have proper control over the marketing strategies also so that it can result in the loss of the company. If proper marketing strategies are taken into consideration then it can be easy for the organization to introduce new products and services in the market. Also, the marketer should have proper knowledge about the products that are offered to the consumers; so that the queries or the questions can be answered in a proper manner (Naeem et al., 2013).It is also seen that if organization have capable marketers that it is not difficult to accomplish the overall profitability and growth of the company. Capable marketers are necessary to enhance the operations in a proper manner and also to help the organization to accomplish overall targets. Marketers are considered as an asset to the organization. So, they should be taken into consideration by having proper decisions. References Barrett, H. and Weinstein, A., 2015. Corporate entrepreneurship, the marketing mix, and business performance. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 144-150). Springer, Cham. Bart, Y., Stephen, A.T. and Sarvary, M., 2014. Which products are best suited to mobile advertising? A field study of mobile display advertising effects on consumer attitudes and intentions.Journal of Marketing Research,51(3), pp.270-285. Holliman, G. and Rowley, J., 2014. Business to business digital content marketing: marketers perceptions of best practice.Journal of research in interactive marketing,8(4), pp.269-293. Juster, F.T., 2015.Anticipations and purchases: An analysis of consumer behavior. Princeton University Press. Klimchuk, M.R. and Krasovec, S.A., 2013.Packaging design: Successful product branding from concept to shelf. John Wiley Sons. Lemon, K.N., 2016. The Art of Creating Attractive Consumer Experiences at the Right Time: Skills Marketers Will Need to Survive and Thrive.GfK Marketing Intelligence Review,8(2), pp.44-49. Lu, L.C., Chang, W.P. and Chang, H.H., 2014. Consumer attitudes toward bloggers sponsored recommendations and purchase intention: The effect of sponsorship type, product type, and brand awareness.Computers in Human Behavior,34, pp.258-266. Lusch, R.F. and Vargo, S.L., 2014.The service-dominant logic of marketing: Dialog, debate, and directions. Routledge. Malaval, P. and Benaroya, C., 2013.Business to Business Marketing(No. halshs-00876066). Morrison, M.A., 2015. A look at interactivity from a consumer perspective. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 149-154). Springer, Cham. Naeem, B., Bilal, M. and Naz, U., 2013. Integrated marketing communication: a review paper.Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business,5(5), pp.124-133. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Ha

Raffles Hotel free essay sample

Hotel in Singapore Full Situational Audit of the Raffles Hotel and Develop a Strategic Place for the next 3 Years. Cover Page: Student Number, Module Code, Title, Module Tutor Table of Contents, List of Tables, Figures and Appendices Introduction Explaining the Purpose of the Report Brief Company Overview (10% of the assignment mark) 400 words External Audit: analysis of relevant macro-environmental (PESTE) and industry dynamics (Porter’s Five Forces), an assignment of competition and evaluation of Key Success Factors. The application David’s Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix might assist your analytical process (30%) 1200 words Internal Audit: Analysis of the company’s strategic positioning in the marketplace and key target segments, an evaluation of the corporate portfolio and expansion strategies in relation to the firm’s centric approach and a comprehensive strengths-weaknesses analysis of current resources and competences, value chain activities and value networks. The application David’s Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix might assist your analytical process (30%) 1200 words Strategic plan for the next three years: This should include an evaluation of strategic options (TOWS matrix), the development of a new sales target, SMART objectives, the development of a mix of suitable strategies and a monitoring, control and contingency plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Raffles Hotel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (30%) 1200 words List of references Company Overview Raffles Hotel is a colonial-style hotel in Singapore. It was established by two Armenian brothers from Persia—Martin and Tigran Sarkies—in 1887. In later years they were joined by younger brothers Aviet and Arshak and kinsman Martyrose Arathoon. With their innovative cuisine and extensive modernisations, the firm built the hotel into Singapores best known icon. It was named afterStamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore, whose statue had been unveiled in 1887. The hotel is currently managed byFairmont Raffles Hotels International and houses a tropical garden courtyard, museum, and Victorian-style theatre. Raffles Hotel has a shopping arcade housing boutique brands such as Louis Vuitton, Surrender, and Tiffany Co.. The arcade houses most of the hotels restaurants. It also has shops such as the custom tailor, CYC The Custom Shop,[9] which makes shirts for Singapores first prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, and the third and current prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong. The third floor of the arcade houses the Raffles Hotel Museum and Jubilee Hall. Accommodation The hotel has 103 suites: 84 Courtyard and Palm Court Suites 12 Personality Suites 5 Grand Hotel Suites 2 Presidential Suites Activities 15 Restaurants and bars Raffles Spa Outdoor swimming pool Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade Jubilee Hall theatre Raffles Hotel gardens Gymnasium Event spaces Executive centre Business Services A team of 24-hour personal Raffles butlers endeavours to assist hotel guests in all matters of business and leisure throughout their stay. The Executive Centre is another haven where residents can work or relax at their wish. Designed as a study, it is fitted with personal computer workstations and printers, and stocked with a selection of international newspapers, business magazines as well as commercial/industrial trade directories. The perfect location for a business meeting, Raffles Singapore features seven function rooms for events of up to 350 guests. With a choice of rooms, attentive service and all the technology you would expect, we’ll make it happen exactly the way you want it Facilities Outdoor Swimming Pool Bar Luxuriate in an exclusive haven by the rooftop pool, set amidst the lush tropical surroundings. Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade stands as an oasis of calm amidst the busy city and is an integral part of the world-renowned Raffles Singapore. The shopping arcade offers an extraordinary experience to discerning shoppers both locally and from around the world. It houses over 35 international and regional fashion and designer stores, as well as the popular Raffles Shop with fascinating memorabilia and collectibles available for purchase. Jubilee Hall A charming, Victorian-style theatre playhouse seating 388 guests, Jubilee Hall is noted as a premier cultural venue for varied repertoires and ceremonies. Sir Charles Flowers For The Gentleman With a bloom for the gentleman to shower upon his lady and a posy for the lady to accord her gentleman, let the distinguished flowers from Sir Charles speak for you. From hand posies and hand bouquets to potted floras and lavish arrangements, Sir Charles has a delightful bloom for every joyous occasion. Gardens at Raffles Hotel Raffles Singapore is perfectly accompanied by the lush greenery and the landscaping which make up a quarter of the total land area of the Hotel. The gardens and courtyards at the hotel include the Palm Court, Palm Garden, Fern Court, The Lawn, Raffles Courtyard and Raffles Square. An iconic plant found in the gardens of Raffles Singapore is the Travellers Palm, which as tales would tell, has been known to save the lives of travellers in search of water with its fan-shaped foliage providing welcoming shade. The leaves are also said to be aligned on an East-West axis, thus pointing travellers in the right direction. Limousine Service Arrive in style at the grand gravel driveway of Raffles Singapore with our chauffeured limousine service, or be whisked away to your next destination after your stay with us. Our classic Daimler or Bentley limousines promise to transport you to the glorious heydays of a bygone era, without which no Raffles experience is complete. A luxurious fleet of other modern limousines are also available. Family Outdoor Swimming Pool Luxuriate in an exclusive haven by the rooftop pool, set amidst the lush tropical surroundings. Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade stands as an oasis of calm amidst the busy city and is an integral part of the world-renowned Raffles Singapore. The shopping arcade offers an extraordinary experience to discerning shoppers both locally and from around the world. It houses over 35 international and regional fashion and designer stores, as well as the popular Raffles Shop with fascinating memorabilia and collectibles available for purchase. Resident Historian Experience a tour with Raffles Singapore’s very own Resident Historian Leslie Danker who has been with the hotel for almost 40 years. 24-Hour Butler Service At Raffles Singapore, we want our hotel guests to feel the ultimate service from our hearts. Delivering a high level of discreet and attentive service is the role of the Raffles butler. We call that ‘service with a gentle breeze’. The butler team can also make arrangements for babysitting services, offer children’s amenities such as toys and games, should you require them.

Business Ethics Applying Virtue Theory

Business Ethics Applying Virtue Theory Introduction The price fixing case by Micron, Infineon, and Samsung presents an interesting ethical issue since big companies at times engage in this practice in order to avoid losses that may occur due to aggressive competition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics: Applying Virtue Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, three of the four major companies in the DRAM market, Micron, Infineon, and Samsung, made an agreement to fix the prices for DRAM. The demand for memory chips by the personal computer industry had led to these companies investing in bigger factories in order to provide for the increasing demand for memory chips. However, these investments had led to large inventories and intensive price competition among the major players. While competition is good for the industry, intensive competition might be damaging and in this case, it resulted in the companies having to sell their DR AMs at prices that were below manufacturing costs. The three major companies therefore engaged in correspondence with each other and came to a consensus that they would move their prices upwards in unison. Such a move would ensure that the companies were able to sell their product at a price that was above the manufacturing cost and therefore make a profit. The companies’ engaged in this price fixing in secret since such activity is illegal. Price-fixing is not an acceptable behavior since it hurts the consumer who is forced to pay more for the product. This practice also results in companies making more money than they are entitled to since they do not rely on the market forces to set the price but rather their own. The hefty penalty imposed on Infineon by the US government illustrates that the government views price fixing as an unlawful action. On the other hand, the companies have a right to make a profit and their major reason for existing is to make profits for their sh areholders.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This major goal of the companies could not be realized in the fiercely competitive DRAM market where prices had moved to below the manufacturing cost. A question therefore arises as to whether there was a breach of morality by the companies through their price fixing actions. An ethical analysis of the actions of the companies must be performed in order to determine if their actions were morally justifiable. This paper will set out to assess whether Micron, Infineon, and Samsung acted virtuously in their collective decision to move their prices upward or whether they acted viciously. Analysis In virtue theory, emphasis is placed on the agent’s motivation with the rightness of an action being dependent on the motive from which it proceeds. Liezl explains it as an action is right if (and because) it exhibits or expre sses a virtuous motive or at least does not exhibit or express a vicious motive (52). According to this account of rightness, actions are right because they are done with virtuous motives on the part of the agent. Virtue ethics analyses the character of the agent who carries out the action and the agents morality is therefore used to decide on the morality of his/her actions. While traditional virtue ethics focused on the virtues, modern virtue ethics take on an agent-based approach where motives are the primary concern (Bessant 430). Edmund Pincoffs ethics theory presents the best model to use in this scenario. In this theory, every virtue can be understood in terms of the role they play in human life and those qualities that it encourages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics: Applying Virtue Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gruner observes that price fixing has an effect of normalizing this beha vior and a company which engages in price fixing is more likely to continue with this habit and consider it a way of life (1). Virtue theory argues that the wrongfulness of an action can be determined by examining the kind of person the action tends to produce or the kind of person that tends to produce the action (Velasquez 132). On the price fixing case in question, we are not informed of the character of the major companies that engaged in this action. Even so, we do know that there was a statute outlawing price fixing in the US as of 2001. In spite of their knowledge of this, the three companies went ahead and engaged in price fixing. The integrity of a company that would knowingly break the law is called into question. The companies were willing to risk the costs of violating price-fixing laws and this suggests that they had a strong motivation to engage in this act. Even so, all this is speculative since the case study does not offer any suggestion that the companies were immo ral agents. An analysis of the motivation behind the price fixing actions of the companys must also be looked at since Virtue Theory considers the motivations behind an agents actions. The motivation of the companies in fixing price was not malicious. From the information provided, there is no indication that the companies intended to harm the consumers by raising their prices. Instead, their intention was to ensure that they obtained a profit on their products, which were being sold at a loss due to the aggressive competition. However, we can rightfully deduce what kind of a person such actions tend to produce. In the price fixing case, an analysis of the future consequence of the three major companies continuing with this practice reveals the following. If the price fixing is to continue, consumers will suffer.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brander and Ross assert that the economic damages of price fixing are great since this practice causes consumers to purchase goods at excessive prices (336). Price fixing is harmful to the consumers who have to suffer from the high prices that are imposed on them by the customers. The practice is also harmful to the smaller companies which can be eliminated from the market through the dominance of the major companies. Brander and Ross illustrate that the artificial manipulation of product prices stifles free and fair competition and this might cause the smaller companies to be eliminated (336). The Virtue theory focuses on the type of person that we ought to be and not on the specific actions that should be taken (Weiss 113). In this case, the type of company that is desirable is one that is grounded in good character, motives, and core values. By engaging in price fixing, the companies in question are not going to develop a bad character and their core values will be corrupted. The price fixing actions resulted in significant monetary gains by the companies that engaged in this practice. In the fixing the computer Memory Market case, the companies involved were able to move their prices from about $1 to $4.50 a unit. At this high price caused by the price fixing, the companies were able to maximize their profit. It can be projected that the companies will become more selfish and greedy if they continue with these actions. Proponents of virtues emphasize the role of character and being a good person is more important than knowing about the rules or principles of ethical judgment (Bessant 429). Pincoff defines the moral virtues as forms of regard for the interest of others and the moral virtues under this definition include; benevolence, helpfulness, and selflessness (Weiss 113). The companies evidently lacked these virtues when they agreed to increase the price of their product. The actions of the companies do not help in the development of a moral character b ut instead encourage an immoral one. Conclusion My first reaction to the Price fixing case was that it was justifiable for the companies to raise the prices in order to gain some profit from their product. This conclusion was arrived at since in my opinion, the fierce competition among companies was damaging to each of them. Price fixing therefore seemed like the best option since it would ensure that each company remained profitable and would therefore be able to guarantee its future survival. While I appreciated the fact that price fixing is illegal, the rationale behind it seemed to be justified since a company should not be making a loss. However, an in-depth analysis of the issue using an ethical theory introduced different perspectives to the case. Virtue theory has emerged as an appropriate theory to addressing the issues raised in this scenario. While virtue theory was helpful in this case, I found a number of major shortcomings in the theory. To begin with, the theory fails to consider the circumstances surrounding the actions of the companies. The intense competition is what drove the companies to engage in the price fixing action. These external situations are very important in analyzing the moral character of the companies involved. The theory also places too much emphasis on the acting agent and very little attention is given to the subjects affected by the agents actions. In this case, the subjects would be the consumers, the community, and the small companies. The theory brought it to my attention that the intentions of the big companies had to be thoroughly reviewed. While at first I assumed that avoiding a loss was the only motivation, virtue analysis made me question the motivation of the big companies in fixing prices. From this questioning, I was able to observe that price fixing could have been motivated by the desire to stifle competition from smaller companies in the market. The theory also highlighted to me that the future consequences of the actions taken by the companies must be considered. In particular, the theory made me think about the kind of a company that the actions were creating. Ethics Theory suggests that the actions of an agent should make it more likely that the agent will successfully pursue virtuous goals in future. In this aspect, the virtue theory was very important since it contributed a different perspective to my understanding of the actions of the company. Instead of only focusing on the action taken by the companies, the theory forced me to analyze the underlying motivations and the future outcomes of the companies if they continued to engage in this behavior. By applying Ethics Theory, it can be confidently stated that the companies acted immorally by making the decision to move their prices upwards. Price fixing undermines the desirable values of honesty and fairness that a good organization is supposed to practice. Bessant, Judith. â€Å"Aristotle meets youth work: a case for virtue et hics.† Journal of Youth Studies 12.4 (2009): 423-438. Print. Brander, James and Ross Thomas. â€Å"Estimating damages from price-fixing.† Canadian Class Action Review 3.1 (2006): 335-369. Web. Gruner, Richard. Corporate Criminal Liability And Prevention. Harvard: Law Journal Press, 2004. Print. Liezl, van Zyl. â€Å"Agent-based Virtue Ethics and the Problem of Action Guidance.† Journal of Moral Philosophy 6.1 (2009): 50–69. Web. Velasquez, Manuel. Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases. (7th Edn). NY: Pearson, 2011. Print. Weiss, Joseph. Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach. Cengage Learning, 2008. Print.

Human Resource Management, Assignment3, Monitoring and Rewarding Essay

Human Resource Management, Assignment3, Monitoring and Rewarding - Essay Example In case of MORAS Ltd. the personal assistant is working in the head quarter and has a good relationship with other employees. The person has been promoted from the position of administrative assistant to personal assistant, requires minimum supervision and has subordinates who are administrative personnel. They are to handle confidential information, attend phone calls, organise meetings and other secretarial activities like checking mails, writing replies. They are given all the facilities to perform the work efficiently along with an air-conditioned office. They are to have a four year experience as an assistant or secretary. Their work activities include handling calls and filing and recording, it is required that they have knowledge of the General Manager’s responsibilities. They are required to make decisions solely, be a fine organiser and complete work on time as required. If any mistake is made in handling calls it would not have a drastic impact. In case of filing and recording, they should know typing, filing, organising and classifying records. It is essential to perform work on time and avoid any mistake because poor filing will lead to serious problems in the company. [2] 2. The employees who are working in the company are given a questionnaire and if they feel that they should be promoted then their questionnaire is reviewed by their supervisor. If the supervisors also feel the same then the employee undergoes a few process of observation and then might be promoted. [5] The information maintained in the records about the employees, tells about their skills, knowledge, responsibilities. If these are more than required for the job then will help the supervisor decide whether to the position held by the employee is appropriate or his skills might serve a higher position. Records contain information about how efficiently employees perform their job, how

Introduction to Philosophy (not quite sure about what the title is) Essay

Introduction to Philosophy (not quite sure about what the title is) - Essay Example Nevertheless, can not you see that while doing so, you give up one of the previous aspects of your individuality, namely moral autonomy? Please consider this: if you believe that God gave you free will and He must want you to use it all the time, especially while making ethical decisions, but by sending this letters He practically deprives you of this ability. In other words, by commanding you He substitutes your will with His. It is quite obvious that in this situation you lose your value as an autonomous human being with independent reasoning! (2) - I see that you are a young and promising student of Philosophy, good for you, - he replied. - Nevertheless, I adhere to nihilistic views and would like to use this chance as I chase you to collect the sample of you blood to present my position. You see, I comply with what your Philosophy would call Expressivism. As you may guess from the very name, this approach towards morality puts emphasis on the action of expression rather than action of judgment. You see, ordinary people do not receive letters from God Himself think about the world in the categories of right and wrong, claiming that there is no other option. Contrary to that, I simply express my opinion about something, not necessarily claiming it to be good or bad. Let is consider the situation that we are having at the moment. You make taking samples of other people blood sound horrible! On the other hand, I retain a position that does not claim that it is good, I just note that it is necessary for my question, you know . You may be thinking that I am a crazy maniac who approves of killing people, but please refrain from such kind of thinking. It is my strongest belief that strict moral knowledge that you think you have is in fact impossible. Indeed, if one develops a broad understanding of the world, one will be able to see that it is not possible to gain any knowledge in the realm of Ethics which would

Extra credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Extra credit - Essay Example Conflict and disagreement is inevitable in any group or social setting. By inevitable conflict, I do not mean violence but rather clashes of opinion and personality and could sometimes ruin relationship and teamwork and ultimately, affecting performance and productivity. No one can ever succeed in life and career without experiencing conflict because there will always be differences among people considering that we are all different. Thus, conflict management is a key skill for one to get over social and relationship difficulty and succeed. Sometimes, it would be necessary to go against other people’s opinion and perspective to get our ideas and message across and this inevitably lead to a clash of opinion requiring a high degree of competency in conflict management. Improving the competency of conflict management is a never ending process. Even top executives who are already in the peak of their career are still continuing to learn on how to improve their conflict management skills. On my end, I will improve my conflict management competency by first increasing my awareness about myself and others on what causes conflict. I will then learn the various methods to handle it by learning the lessons taught in my management class. Management books as well as self-help books are also a huge help in improving competency in conflict management because they propose various techniques in handling conflict. Going to symposia, forums, lectures and similar events will also help widen my perspective about conflict management. I will not let the opportunity pass also to be coached by experts on conflict management especially those who have years of experience behind them in dealing conflicts. It will also help to observe on how other people handle their respe ctive conflicts and pick up those that are beneficial to me. The value in improving this competency improves my social skill and enhances my chance for success. No

Designing a Projectile Launcher

Designing a Projectile Launcher INTRODUCTIONProjectile motion occurs when an object or particle is dropped or is fired at some initial velocity, where it moves along a curved path under the influence of gravity (Splung,2015). It is known that without air resistance the maximum range is achieved at a launch angle of 45 ° and is illustrated below in figure 1, the report will determine whether or not this remains true in real life.      Ã‚   . This report will include a design and construction of a projectile launcher and will investigate the relationship between the range and angle of a projectile. The launcher will use mechanical means to launch the projectile, it will also be able to reset so that the firing technique is identical every time and will be safe for the operator. AIM: To design and construct a projectile launcher that will be used to investigate the relationship between the range of a projectile and its launch angle. HYPOTHESIS: That the projectile will achieve a maximum range with a launch angle of 40 ° including the horizontal force of air resistance.INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: The independent variables is the angle of release, measured in degrees. DEPENDENT VARIABLES: The dependent variable is the range at which the projectile will land. CONTROLLED VARIBALES: The controlled variables are the handball projectile and the height of release. APPARTUS AND MATERIALS: Projectile launcher Handball projectile Sand pit Tape measure Protractor Design and construction of the projectile Launcher PROCEDURE Have projectile launcher on a table one metre above the ground and angle the projectile at 0 ° with a protractor. Load the handball projectile into the launcher and set the projectile in position so that it can be fired by the triggering release. Have the sandpit set up at the distance the projectile will land. Fire the projectile such that it lands in the sandpit and measure with tape measure and record results Repeat steps 1-4, 5 times with the constant height but varying the starting angle each time SAFETY HAZARDS Hazards Precautions/Actions Risk of projectile hitting someone As the projectile is continuously being fired from the launcher it is important for this experiment to be carried out away from other groups. Group members will need to stand away and watch from a safe distance. Also for the operator, in order to shoot the projectile without being injured they should use the projectile as intended and pull the trigger down carefully before letting go. Personal attire should be appropriate for laboratory work Any hanging or loose jewellery should be removed before conducting experiment to minimise chances of getting caught by any parts of the launcher as it can be easy to be caught by the steel pole if operator is not careful. Teacher is to be notified if it gets caught and to safely remove and look for any injuries because of the jewellery. Equipment should be firmly together So that the equipment does not breakdown mid trial and potentially injure someone, the equipment should be put firmly in place with everything intact before conducting any trial. RESULTS Table 1: Table of results Starting angle () Landing range   of projectile trial 1 (m) Landing range of projectile trial 2 (m) Average range (m) 0 2.26 2.30 2.28 20 2.46 2.40   2.43 40 3.06   3.01   3.04   45 2.45 2.94 2.70 50 2.75 2.74 2.75 Figure 3: Relationship between starting angle and average landing range Using the slope formula It is clear from table 1 that for this particular experiment the best angle to achieve maximum It is clear in figure 3 that ashad increased the resistance had also increased, this means that there is an directly proportional relationship between resistance and, indicating that the thicker the wire means less resistance as d2 will be inversely proportional to resistance, which is due to less collisions with thicker wires. Results shown in figure 3 shows little scatter around the trend line. This indicates a high level of precision in the results, indicating that there were minimal random errors. Possible sources of random error that may have reduce the precision of the result is slight misreading values in the protractor and this could have happened due to parallax error. The correct lining of sight needs to be used to avoid parallax error, the exact point is only measured if the mark of the protractor is exactly parallel to the eyes and is difficult to achieve with the human eye, and ultimately cannot be avoided. But According to the graph in figure 3, it is seen that there are no outliers from the trend line, which suggests that this did not happen. If this fault was from parallax error, a way to minimise this error is to have an instrument designed to eliminate this effect by placing a mirrored surface behind the launch angle so the operator can align eyesight with the scale with ease. Another random error is possibly setting up the equipment incorrectly, as having   Ã‚   Possible sources of systematic error that may have reduced the accuracy of the results may possibly have been a problem with the projectile launcher, not having consistency in the velocity at each launch which will affect the range of the projectile, to minimise this error is to have some sort of velocity measurer to keep consistency in the projectile launcher. the process of levelling eye level and where the values are located in the protractor. CONCLUSIONThe aim of this experiment was to design and construct a projectile launcher that will be used to investigate the relationship between the range of a projectile and its launch angle. This was attained by varying the angle of the constructed launcher and firing it at the same height with the same tension every time. It was clear from this experiment that there is a relationship between the angle of release of an object and the landing range and that they had a parabolic relationship. The hypothesis that the projectile will achieve a maximum range with a launch angle of 40 ° including the horizontal force of air resistance, was supported as it is seen in table 1 that the maximum range is achieved when launched at an angle of 40. Sources used: William Shakespeare was born in this house and grew up here with his parents and siblings. He also spent the first five years of his marriage living here with his wife Anne Hathaway. John and Mary Shakespeare were wealthy enough to own the largest house on Henley Street. John Shakespeare lived and worked in this house for fifty years. When he married Mary Arden she came to live with him and they had a total of eight children, William was the third to be born. In 1568 John became the Mayor of Stratford, which was the highest elective office in the town. On Sunday, dressed in his fine red robes, he would have been escorted to Holy Trinity church to attend mass. It was because of his fathers status as Mayor that William was privileged enough to have attended the local grammar school to begin his education. John Shakespeare died in 1601 and as the eldest surviving child, William inherited the house. He leased part of the property and it became an inn called the Maidenhead (and later the Swan and Maidenhead). The inn remained until 1847. When Shakespeare died he left the house to his eldest daughter Susanna, and when she died she left it to her only child, Elizabeth. Although she married twice Elizabeth had no children, so when she died the house fell to a descendant of Joan Hart, one of Shakespeares sisters. The house was owned by the Hart family until the late 18th century, until it went up for sale and was purchased by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in 1847. We have cared for it ever since. For the official guidebook of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust visit our online shop.

Title Acceptation to the Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

Title Acceptation of The Crucible "A vessel of a very refractory material used for melting and calcining a substance that requires a high degree of heat." "A severe test." "A place or situation in which concentrated forces interact to cause or influence change or development." All of these definitions lead up to one word. Crucible. Author Miller incorporates this word in his play, The Crucible. The aforementioned definitions play a large part in The Crucible's symbolism, characters, and plot. "A place or situation . . . " is the definition mostly used in the play's plot. The change of the village is shown when Danforth states that ". . . a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time--we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world."(94). This comment shows that the village has indeed gone through a change and that good and evil are, from this point forward, seen as black and white. There is a distinct separation Bremmerman 2 between the two that has not been there before. The concentrated forces at the center of this change are the young girls led by Abigail Williams. The closeness of the girls is played out at the end of Act One. Abigail onsets the anarchy when she cries "I want to open myself! . . . I want the light of God . . . I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osbourne with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!"(48) The other girls then mimic her cries of accusation by screaming out the names of those they had seen with the devil. With all of these accusations the chaos begins and Salem Village will never be the same. Among the characters in the play the most prominent meaning for crucible is "A vessel of a very refractory material . . ." After the questioning of the Proctors Reverend Hale points out to John that "no crack in a fortress may be accounted small."(67) This observation may also be made in reference to John Proctor's crucible. The crack in his crucible is Abigail Williams and she will, in the end, be the reason that Proctor can no longer take the heat. Just as a crack in a fortress will lead to the tumbling of the building a crack in a crucible will lead to an inability to contain heat.

Poems by Blake and Wordsworth Essay

Two aspects of London as shown through a response to poems by Blake and Wordsworth. When comparing Blake and Wordsworth’s pieces, the respective perspectives of the authors should never be far from our thoughts. Whereas Blake lived in London his whole life and seldom ventured outside its borders, Wordsworth was a rural person whose only experiences of London came from short visits. Unaccustomed to the hustle and bustle of City life, Wordsworth led a comparatively relaxed existence which perhaps accounts for his romantic and gentile style. We should not be surprised to see that Blake, a frequenter of the less-desirable districts of the capital, offers a far more cynical portrayal of London. Blake’s poem is a social commentary which points an ugly finger at the industrialist pioneers and the flaws of Industrial society. Blake was a renowned radical of the era with far-reaching ideas. He uses many literary devices to impart his opinions upon his audience. This is superbly demonstrated when he writes: â€Å"I wander through each chartered street† The reference is a metaphorical reflection on Blake’s perception that anything and everything is for sale in an industrial society and, in particular, in its impoverished areas. Repetition is clearly employed when the piece claims: â€Å"In every cry of every man, In every infant’s cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forged manacles I hear† The repetition could be equated with anything from the machinery at work in the factories and mills, to an assault of stabbing pain upon those suffering in poverty. Within the framework which Blake creates, the reader is left to determine his own idea of what the repetition may represent, and this is at the centre of the verse’s success. Irony is employed with great effect in the verse beginning â€Å"How the chimney-sweeper’s cry†. The author contrasts the poverty and ill-health of chimney-sweeps with the wealth of the church, and suggests that instead of helping the poor the church pays them a pittance to work in hazardous conditions. Irony often stands side by side with black humour, and both are well-demonstrated in this verse. The amusing of the reader with a subject which should not amuse serves to further draw them into the piece. In the latter part of the same verse, emotive comparisons are made between the plight of London’s less-fortunate and warfare. Blake’s use of the word ‘soldiers’ is no accident here; for soldiers are tools of war, and must have opponents. This leads the reader to ask: with whom are the ‘soldiers’ at war? As Marx foretold and the French Revolution demonstrated, the working classes and those controlling the means of production operate with opposing aims. Blake brings a new element of severity to the situation by suggesting that forces are at work against the poor subjects. INSERT LAST VERSE DISCUSSION HERE Wordsworth is blissfully unaware of the scenes which Blake paints. Indeed, Wordsworth’s London is so far removed from Blake’s that one is led to ask whether the two are writing of the same city at all. There is a significant period of time between the two which could arguably account for this; Wordsworth’s work being written before the Industrial Revolution and Blake’ at its height.

Theme Analysis of The Fellowship of the Ring by JRR Tolkien essays

Theme Analysis of The Fellowship of the Ring by JRR Tolkien essays The Fellowship of the Ring, by J.R.R. Tolkien, is the first book in the fantasy-based trilogy of the Lord of the Rings. The book begins with Bilbo Baggins celebrating his one hundred and eleventh birthday. After his party, he then decides to leave everything behind and join a Fellowship, which has a task of destroying the Ruling Ring, which will give Supreme Power to whoever has possession of it. Just before he leaves, Gandalf asks Bilbo for this ring. Due to the power in which the ring possesses while the ring is in his possession, he does not want to give it up. The novel ends with the destruction of the Fellowship due to the power in which the ring contains. One of the prime facts of the Middle Earth is power. Power is not neutral, but is always evil. It gives wicked the chance to dominate. The good is corrupting and inescapable (Levitin 575). This is shown repeatedly throughout the novel, from when Bilbo gives up the ring, to when Boromir tries to take the ring, and finally, to seeing the control that the ring has over Frodo. One incident in the book, which corresponds with how power is evil, would be when Bilbo had to give up the Ring. The ring is very powerful. The power is so enticing that Bilbo is very weary to give up that ring. When Gandalf asks Bilbo if he wishes to give up the ring, Bilbo seems unsure saying yes and no. When it came to having to give it up he didn't like parting with it at all and didn't see why he should have to (Tolkien 55). Due to the power in which Bilbo feels that the ring had given him, he doesn't want to part with it. By no means does Bilbo want to use the power in an evil manner to dominate all. It is just the thought of power itself that causes this greed to come over him. Although Bilbo in general is a good character, the power of ring corrupts his ways, showing his thirst for power, which he deserves. Another incident, which portrays this corruption of goodn ...

Pharmaceutical Industry in India Essays

Pharmaceutical Industry in India Essays Pharmaceutical Industry in India Essay Pharmaceutical Industry in India Essay Industry overview Pharmaceutical sector is an important industry of any modern day economic power. Pharmaceutical industry in India has a very humble past. After independence, development of pharmaceutical industry was one of the top agenda of government along with steel and manufacturing industry. The market was protected against competition for a long period of time by giving incentives to small firms, license-raj etc. Today the Indian pharmaceutical industry is the front-runner science-based industries in the country. Today the industry boasts of wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. The sector is pegged to be worth US$ 7. 3 billion. The annual growth rate is estimated to be around 13%. Reports suggest that the domestic retail market would be worth around US$ 12 billion by 2012. Indian pharmaceutical industry ranks 4th in terms of volume globally and 13th in terms of value. It has 8% share in global sales 20%-24% share in production of generic drugs. The domestic players satisfy almost all of the country’s demand for formulations and bulk drugs. Indian firms aren’t limited to domestic market; they are now competing head on with multi national players in international arena. For many firms, exports constitute 60%-70% of the total revenue earned. Reasons for this strong growth are low cost of manufacturing, low cost of RD, innovative scientific manpower etc. The total pharmaceutical exports in 2007-08 clocked US$ 6. 68 billion against US$ 5. 73 billion in 2006-07 recording a growth rate of 16 per cent. India is poised to be one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical markets in the world. This has led to entry of many major companies in the Indian market and a huge amount of FDI inflow. Evolution of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry The Indian regulatory system made several arrangements to protect the domestic pharmaceutical industry from foreign competition in its nascent phase. One of them was recognition of only process patents. This built a sound and strong base for strong and competitive domestic market but deterred entry of foreign players. The life of Indian pharmaceutical industry can be broadly divided into two phases, namely Pre-Patent regime and Post-Patent regime respectively. Lets take a look at both of them in detail: Pre-Patent Regime: This period can be segmented into various time periods for better understanding: 1947-1970 During this period country was trying to stand on its feet after gaining independence. The pharmaceutical industry had to be built from scratch. Though several domestic players had sprung up in market but their impact on market was limited. The reason was their inability to compete with MNC players who had better access to resources, better technical know how and access to larger amount of funds. These foreign players imported formulations and sold them in India. They were neither contributing to pharmaceutical industries nor to the manufacturing industries in India. People had low spending and restricted access to healthcare facilities because of low levels of income. The government had realized that dependence on imported drugs had to be reduced so that essential drugs could be made available to public at cheap prices. For this country needed to build indigenous drug production capabilities. To fulfill this objective Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL) and Indian Drugs Pharmaceutical Limited (IDPL) were setup in 1954 and 1961 respectively. These companies soon established themselves as major producers of critical drugs, which, were being imported at that time. 1970-1979 The MNCs continued to dominate the domestic market in spite of steps taken by government. Government introduced two legislations in 1970 to accelerate the process of self-reliance and indigenization. These were Indian Patent Act and Drug Price Control Order (DPCO). These two regulations provided the launch pad for the Indian pharmaceutical industry to take off into a new growth spiral. Indian Patent Act: The act granted patents only for methods and processes used to manufacture the substance. This allowed the domestic players to reverse engineer the drugs present in market and find its constituents. They started making the product using the same bulk drug by using a modified production process. Drug Price Control Order: Government regulated prices of 354 essential bulk drugs and formulations to ensure wide spread availability of drugs at a reasonable price. These two legislations changed the industry structure and growth pattern. Several small-scale ndustries (SSI) came into existence in formulation business. They had significant advantage as their products were out of purview of price control. Low entry barriers, abundance of bulk drugs and dispersed market acted as additional catalysts. All these factors had a significant impact on the position of MNCs in India. These regulations introduced the concept of price control did not recognize product patents. Therefor e the MNCs had no incentive of introducing new drugs in the market. Their overall share in formulations started to decline as time progressed. 1979-1987 Government in 1979 amended DPCO. Number of drugs under purview of DPCO was bought down from 354 to 163. Government also increased the permissible mark-up on drugs from 40%-60% to 75%-100%. DPCO also regulated the production by fixing ratio between formulation and key bulk drugs. This ensured continuous and uninterrupted supply of key bulk drugs. Investments made by government in past had started bearing fruit. IDPL and HAL provided technical assistance to smaller players in establishing their foothold. Hence even smaller players started to supply critical drugs to market. Indian firms started to invest in RD because of availability of skilled researchers in country. This resulted in launch of new drugs through process re-engineering. Government funded Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) made major contribution to the research base. Indian firms had advantage of low cost structure and very good reverse engineering technical skills. After they had established themselves in domestic market they turned their attention towards export. They took measures to utilize their advantage in global arena and were quite successful. There was no improvement in conditions of MNC’s. High tariffs caused the prices of their product to go up. Price control measures taken by government directed them to sell at cheaper price. Therefore they focused on specific sectors where they still had a stronghold. They were reluctant to launch new products in country because of lack of proper patent protection. This resulted in overall decline of their market share. 1987-1994 This was a consolidation period of the industry. The entire industry registered a double-digit growth rate through the period. This high growth rate was attributed to rise in per-capita income of people and introduction of new drugs at cheap price. The increase wasn’t limited to domestic market. While bulk drug production grew at CAGR of 16%, bulk drug export grew at CAGR of 40%. By 1994 exports comprised 50% of total bulk drug production. To meet the ever-increasing demand, companies had to invest heavily in increasing their capacities. High growth rate also attracted new players to the market. Competition in market increased manifold as the number of players in the market doubled over this period. Most important development of this period was liberalization program initiated by the government. The tariff barriers were lowered which leveled the playing field for MNCs vis-a-vis domestic players. This also increased foreign investment in domestic pharmaceutical industry. The liberalization policy also benefited domestic players who made efforts to increase their global presence due to lower tariff and non-tariff barriers. 1995-2001 The major development of this phase was government’s commitment to recognize product patent regime after 2005. This increased the expectation of MNCs. Most of them increased their equity stakes in Indian operations. MNCs also realized that they could convert India into their manufacturing base. India had quality manufacturing facilities at cheap costs. Domestic firms too had saturated Indian market. They were focusing on global markets more seriously now. They entered into alliances with MNCs, entered into JV’s in overseas market, set up world-class manufacturing facilities and strengthened their brands to strengthen their position. The small players finally came of age and gave serious competition to their bigger counterparts. Even though market grew at 15% intense competition from smaller players pushed the bigger players towards generic formulations. Bulk drugs had lower margins because of intense competition. To overcome this most players forward-integrated into formulation manufacturing or increased their export to non-regulated markets where margins were higher. 2001-2004 During this period domestic players increased their focus on market of generic drugs. They invested in RD and upgraded their manufacturing facilities to comply with GMP norms. During this period the domestic formulations market registered a decline, barring a few segments. MNCs were strengthening their interest in domestic market as product patent regime was to be implemented in 2005. Post-Patent Regime 2005-2006 Government passed an ordinance in 2005 implementing the product-patent regime. This move was aimed at bringing India at par with global pharmaceutical market. Other major developments during this period were implementation of VAT, shift in excise duty levy to MRP based levy and implementation of good manufacturing processes. During this period Indian players established themselves in global market with their innovatively engineered generic drugs API. 2006-2007 The new pharmaceutical policy has been center of attraction. Government wanted to bring essential drugs on which the manufacturers made fat profits under the purview of DPCO. The proposed pharmaceutical policy was aimed at bringing 354 essential drugs under purview of DPCO so that they are within reach of common man. The policy has provision of limiting MAPE to 150% to put a cap on profits earned by pharmaceutical firms. The duties on API were reduced to encourage manufacturing. Government has also set up NPPA to regulate pricing of drugs in India. Companies will have to sell their drugs at price decided by NPPA. Regulatory Environments in various parts of the world Europe The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) is the apex body, which governs medicine industry in Europe. Scientific opinions of the agency are prepared by committees i. e. the committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP), the committee for medicinal products for veterinary use (CVMP), the committee for orphan medicinal products for rare diseases (COMP) and the new committee on herbal medicinal products (HMPC). EMEA performs the scientific evaluation of the quality, safety and efficacy of medicinal products in EU. EMEA also coordinates the resources for scientific evaluation and assessment regarding products undergoing the mutual recognition procedure and the master files for plasma and vaccine antigens. EMEA also provides guidance for companies requesting scientific advice. It also provides scientific advice before the application of new marketing authorization for centralized and mutual recognition procedures. Scientific Advice Working Party (SAWP) does this task. In order to sell products in EU markets firm have to obtain a license. This license is granted by CHMP after it assesses the product in question. European Pharmacopoeia (Ph Eur) specifies the quality specifications for pharmaceutical preparations and their ingredients. Before submitting a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) the firm is required to show the safety and efficacy of the medicinal product. To show this local clinical data should be generated for a new medicinal product. Thus it is necessary to conduct clinical trails before launching a product in EU. If the product has already proved safety and efficacy in some other country then a bridging clinical study is sufficient. The initial license granted to a firm has to be renewed after five years. The risk-benefit balance is revaluated. If the result of re-evaluation is positive then the firm is granted the license for unlimited period of time unless the competent authority decides otherwise. In cases of drugs that require long-term safety study, the license for unlimited period is usually granted after 2-3 re-evaluations. The EU pharmaceutical legislation is very extensive and robust. In order to ensure high quality and safe therapies it provides extensive rules and guidance on licensing procedures for medicinal products. USA Pharmaceutical sector in USA is regulated by the department of Health and Human Services. The apex regulatory body is US FDA, which enforces the basic drug and food legislations. When a drug manufacturer develops a new drug, first the drug is tested on animals. Then he obtains approval for human trials through Investigational New Drug (IND). The data collected through human clinical trials in IND and animal studies is used to file a New Drug Application (NDA). NDA is used to communicate to FDA about safety and effectiveness of the drug, high quality manufacturing standard for the drug and appropriate labeling of the drug. New drugs are developed under patent protection. This grants exclusive marketing rights to the developer of the drug. After expiry of the patent period, other firms can sell a copy of the drug. This copied version of drug is called as generic drug. In order to get approval from FDA to sell generic drugs, firms must file for an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA). Generic drug sector became very lucrative because the manufacturers of generic drugs didn’t have to invest in costly animal studies and human clinical trials. Also the pharmacists were given the right to sell substitute generic drugs instead of a specific drug unless explicitly specified by the doctor. To get an FDA approval for their ANDA the firms had to ensure that their drugs contains the same amount of active ingredient as the original drug, it should be identical in dosage form, strength and administration method and manufactured under the same manufacturing standards as for the original drug. A Drug Master File (DMF) is submitted to FDA that contains almost all information related o the drug. Some information in the file may be of confidential nature. India In India both the central government and the state government share the responsibility of regulating the pharmaceutical industry. The Drug and Cosmetic Act and Drug and Cosmetic Rule are the legislations passed by the government in this regard. Through this legislation the government regulates import, manufacture, sale and distribution of drugs in India. The central government plays as the coordinator of policies like drug approval, clinical trials, setting up standards, controlling the quality of imported drugs etc where as the state governments see that the policies laid down by the central government are being implemented by the firms. The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) co-ordinates all the activities involved. Pharmaceutical industry in India regulated on basis of price, patent quality. DPCO fixes an upper limit on critical formulations API. NPPA regulates the pricing of all the drugs manufactured or sold in India. A firm cannot price its drug on its own; it has to be approved by NPPA. NPPA has also put an upper limit of 150% on MAPE. If the firm invests heavily in RD then the limit is increased by 50%. In 1995 government had amended DPCO to limit the size of drugs under purview of DPCO to 74. After implementation of product patent regime government is mulling over bringing the number of drugs under DPCO to around 200. The Drug Cosmetic act specifies the quality standards to be met for any drugs that is manufactured, sold or distributed in India. Manufactures have to follow GMP in their manufacturing plants. FDI up to 74% is allowed on the automatic route in the case of bulk drugs, their intermediate Pharmaceuticals and formulations (except those produced by the use of recombinant DNA technology). The Government considers FDI above 74% for manufacture of bulk drugs on a case-by-case basis. It’s allowed only for manufacture of bulk drugs from basic stages and their intermediates. It also extends to bulk drugs produced by the use of recombinant DNA technology and the specific cell/tissue targeted formulations if it includes manufacturing from basic stage. Government had liberalization plans of increasing the FDI cap to 100% and making the process of investing more easily and investor friendly. The plans were not implemented because of political pressure exerted by the Left Parties on the government. Recent Developments Raw material shortage hits pharmaceutical firms Olympic games in China have put brakes on high-flying Indian pharmaceutical industry. In order to present its clean image before the world during the games, China has ordered to close various drug manufacturing units to prevent environmental degradation. This has caused a scarcity of raw material in India and has pushed up prices of generic medicines. Daiichi Sankyo buys majority stake in Ranbaxy Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd (Daiichi Sankyo) has bought majority stake in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (Ranbaxy) from the Singh family, the largest controlling shareholders of Ranbaxy. The deal is subject to regulatory approvals. This deal will allow Ranbaxy access to global markets that have been off-radar for the firm till now. Daiichi Sankyo is looking forward to gain a stronger foothold in a very fast developing Indian market as well as the base established by Ranbaxy in USA. Sun Pharmaceuticals gets USFDA nod for generic Depakote The USFDA has granted a final approval to Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd for its Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for generic Depakote, divalproex sodium delayed release tablets. Divalproex sodium delayed release tablets are indicated as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with complex partial seizures. US Congress to probe FDA`s Ranbaxy case The US House Energy Commerce committee is investigating the FDAs stance on the Ranbaxy case. The committee is to probe FDAs handling on Ranbaxys imports. The committee will also probe whether FDA knowingly let unsafe medicine to enter US. Sun Pharmaceuticals Taro deal Sun Pharmaceuticals, offered $454 million, all in cash, to buy out an Israeli generics manufacturer, Taro Pharmaceuticals. The deal has not been completed as yet because of encountering several roadblocks. Taro Pharmaceuticals is an Israeli pharmaceutical firm with a global presence. By acquiring Taro, Sun is trying to enter the low-competition, specialized segments like dermatology and pediatrics. Taro’s large presence in the Canadian market is also an attraction for Sun. Key Features of quarter April-June FY09 Improvement in product and geographic mix: Higher contribution from exports (62%) for generics and higher proportion of CRAMS business (46%) were the key highlights of the quarter. Improvement in margins: led by higher overseas and CRAMS sales, a 5. 9% YoY depreciation in the Rupee v/s the USD and increased captive consumption from companies like Dishman, Lupin and Piramal Healthcare. Raw material pressure to persist in the near term: China’s decision to (i) shut down polluting plants around Beijing and (ii) restrict the movement of hazardous chemicals in view of the Olympics resulted in raw material shortages and a consequent increase in prices. A rise in crude oil prices resulted in increases in the price of API solvents and intermediates. Our interaction with a few companies suggests that raw material shortage may persist for the next one-two quarters. Depreciating rupee leads to MTM losses on Forex debt: A 7. % and 9% QoQ depreciation of the rupee v/s the USD and Euro respectively resulted in most companies declaring MTM losses on their FCCBs and foreign debt. Prominent among the losers were Ranbaxy, Jubilant and Cipla. GSK recently signed a deal with Aspen and Strides GSK Pharmaceutical has collaborated with Aspen through which it would have access to a portfolio comprising 1200 products and 450 molecules of Aspen and its JV with Strides. GSK would get these products approved in 95 emerging markets and distribute and market these as well, while Aspen will continue to market in Sub-Saharan Africa and other countries. Jubilant signs drug discovery pact with Amgen Jubilant Bosys Ltd. and Amgen Inc. , the largest US-based biotech company on Monday announced a drug discovery partnership. As per the deal, Amgen and Jubilant will collaborate to develop a portfolio of novel drugs in new target areas of interest across multiple therapeutic areas. Jubilant will develop early preclinical candidates emanating from Amgens early discovery efforts for an initial term of three years. Amgen will have responsibility for the subsequent pre-clinical and clinical development and commercialization. Amgen will retain / own the drugs developed under the collaboration with worldwide commercialization rights. Jubilant Biosys will partner in early-preclinical development effort from its state of the art Jubilant Research Centre Bangalore, while Amgen will pursue later stage pre-clinical and clinical development and commercialization of the drugs in global markets. The financial terms include a combination of research funding and success-based milestones paid to Jubilant during pre-clinical and clinical development for multiple projects undertaken by the collaboration. The total financial Milestone value is subject to successful development and commercialization of the portfolio of novel drugs. Glenmark`s molecule for Neuropathetic Pain to enter Phase I trials Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd has announced that its candidate for Neuropathic Pain, Osteoarthritis and other Inflammatory Pain-GRC 10693 is entering Phase I trials. The company intends to develop GRC 10693, a cannabinoid-2 (CB-2) receptor agonist, in neuropathic pain as the primary indication. The molecule has been filed for Phase-I approval with European regulatory authorities. Biocon, Abraxis launches ABRAXANE in India Biocon Limited and Abraxis BioScience, Inc, a fully integrated biotechnology company announced the launch of ABRAXANE (paclitaxel protein bound particles for injectable suspension) (albumin-bound) in India for the treatment of breast cancer after failure of combination therapy for metastatic disease or relapse within six months of adjuvant chemotherapy, ABRAXANE is now available in India as a single-use 100 mg vial (as a lyophilized powder, to be reconstituted for intravenous administration). The Phase III clinical trial in the U. S. demonstrated that ABRAXANE nearly doubled the response rate, significantly prolonged time to progression, and significantly improved overall survival in the secon line setting versus solvent based Taxol in the approved indication. The Medical House ties up with Dr Reddys Labs The Medical House Plc, a drug delivery specialist has signed a non-exclusive development, licensing and supply agreement with Dr Reddys Laboratories. The agreement covers an initial five-year term of supply, within US, European Union and Canada, with an option for Dr Reddys to extend the agreement to the rest of the world, on mutually agreed terms, the company said in a filing to the London Stock Exchange. The duration of the agreement can also be extended by mutual agreement and the development costs associated with customization would be paid to The Medical House (TMH) in addition to reimbursement of all agreed external costs. Strides completes acquisition of Ascent Pharmahealth Strides Arcolab has completed the acquisition of controlling interest in Ascent Pharmahealth Limited (formerly Genepharm Australasia Limited), thereby making Strides the 4th largest Generics Company in Australia. Strides now holds 50. 1% stake in Ascent Pharmahealth Limited, an ASX listed company. At final closing in Sept ’08, Strides may own upto 55% in Ascent Pharmahealth Ltd. Shareholders have voted to change the name of Genepharm Australasia Limited to Ascent Pharmahealth Limited. Ascent Pharmahealth Limited will include the assets of Drug Houses of Australia [DHA] in Singapore, a wholly owned subsidiary of Strides Revenue in excess of US$90mn on a combined Performa basis. Lupin acquires Hormosan Pharma Lupin Ltd has acquired Hormosan Pharma GmbH (Hormosan), a German Sales and Marketing generics company specialized in the supply of pharmaceutical products for the Central Nervous System (CNS). Hormosan, with total sales of Euro 6. 8mn for the year ended December 2007, develops, licenses and markets a range of generics in Germany. Hormosan has a complementary product portfolio with products in the Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular therapeutic segments. Hormosan has created a strong brand identity in the German generics market through its strong patient compliance message, essential for patients within the CNS sector. Besides strong key account management the company also has a successful in Regulatory team, Pharmacovigilance, Medical Information and Marketing teams. Aurobindo Pharma receives nod for 2 ANDAs Aurobindo Pharma has received final approval from the US Food Drug Administration (USFDA) for 2 ANDAs namely Ceftriaxone for injection USP 250mg, 500mg, 2g and Ceftriaxone for injection USP 10g pharmacy bulk pack. These are Cephalosporins under the Anti-infective segment. Lupin Pharma receives nod for Divaiproex. Sodium Tablets Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (LPI) has received final approval for the Companys Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for Divaiproex Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets, 125 mg, 250 mg and 500 mg from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). Commercial shipments of the product have already commenced. Lupin Divaiproex sodium delayed-release tablets are the AB-rated generic equivalent of Abbott Laboratories Depakote tablets. Depakote had annual sales of approximately US$ 803mn for the twelve months ended March 2008, based on IMS Health sales data. Dr Reddy`s lab to invest in Perlecan Pharma Dr Reddys lab has purchased holding of Citigroup Venture Capital International Mauritius Limited its nominees and IDBI Trusteeship Services Limited (the merged entity after its merger with The Western India Trustee and the Executor Company Limited) in Perlecan Pharma Private Limited. The Board of Directors of Dr Reddys Laboratories Limited at their meeting held on July 21, 2008 had approved this proposal aggregating to US$18mn. References: pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers. com/pharmaceutical-industry/ thehindubusinessline. com/iw/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500401000. htm ibef. org/industry/pharmaceuticals. aspx www. indiainbusiness. nic. in/industry-infrastructure/industrial-sectors/drug-pharma. htm